A 7-year-old child presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and dilute urine despite normal glucose. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Diabetes insipidus
C) UTI
D) Renal failure
📖 شرح: Diabetes insipidus causes inability to concentrate urine.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 4-year-old child presents with fever, rash on hands and feet, and painful mouth ulcers. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Hand-foot-mouth disease
B) Measles
C) Rubella
D) Scarlet fever
📖 شرح: Hand-foot-mouth disease is caused by Coxsackie virus.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A newborn presents with continuous drooling, choking during feeds, and inability to pass a nasogastric tube. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Pyloric stenosis
B) Tracheoesophageal fistula
C) Duodenal atresia
D) Choanal atresia
📖 شرح: TEF causes choking and inability to pass NG tube.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 6-year-old child presents with a limp and limited hip abduction. X-ray shows avascular necrosis of the femoral head. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) SCFE
B) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
C) Transient synovitis
D) Septic arthritis
📖 شرح: Perthes disease causes avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 3-year-old child presents with barking cough and inspiratory stridor. Symptoms improve with cold air. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Croup
B) Epiglottitis
C) Asthma
D) Foreign body aspiration
📖 شرح: Croup improves with cold air exposure.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 1-year-old child presents with severe pallor, irritability, and low hemoglobin. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Iron deficiency anemia
B) Thalassemia major
C) B12 deficiency
D) Aplastic anemia
📖 شرح: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia in children.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 2-year-old child presents with fever, irritability, and a bulging tympanic membrane. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Otitis media
B) Otitis externa
C) Mastoiditis
D) Sinusitis
📖 شرح: Otitis media causes bulging tympanic membrane.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 5-year-old child presents with a new systolic murmur and a history of a viral illness. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Myocarditis
B) Endocarditis
C) Rheumatic fever
D) Pericarditis
📖 شرح: Myocarditis often follows viral infections.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A newborn presents with cyanosis that improves with crying. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Choanal atresia
B) TEF
C) PDA
D) ASD
📖 شرح: Choanal atresia causes cyanosis relieved by crying.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 3-year-old child presents with a harsh systolic murmur and a boot-shaped heart on X-ray. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) ASD
B) TOF
C) PDA
D) VSD
📖 شرح: TOF causes boot-shaped heart due to RV hypertrophy.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 6-year-old child presents with fever, rash, and desquamation of the fingertips. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Scarlet fever
B) Kawasaki disease
C) Measles
D) Rubella
📖 شرح: Kawasaki disease causes mucocutaneous inflammation and desquamation.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 1-year-old child presents with severe dehydration and metabolic acidosis. What is the most likely cause?
A) Diarrhea
B) Vomiting
C) Renal failure
D) Hyperventilation
📖 شرح: Diarrhea causes bicarbonate loss leading to metabolic acidosis.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 4-year-old child presents with a limp and knee pain. X-ray shows fragmentation of the femoral head. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) SCFE
B) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
C) Transient synovitis
D) Septic arthritis
📖 شرح: Perthes disease causes avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 3-year-old child presents with wheezing, cough, and a history of eczema. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Asthma
B) Bronchiolitis
C) Pneumonia
D) Foreign body aspiration
📖 شرح: Asthma is associated with atopy such as eczema.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 6-month-old infant presents with projectile vomiting and visible peristalsis. What electrolyte abnormality is expected?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Metabolic alkalosis
📖 شرح: Pyloric stenosis causes metabolic alkalosis due to vomiting.
الإجابة الصحيحة: D
A 7-year-old child presents with fever, sore throat, and a sandpaper rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Measles
B) Scarlet fever
C) Rubella
D) Fifth disease
📖 شرح: Scarlet fever is caused by Group A strep and produces sandpaper rash.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 3-year-old child presents with fever, drooling, neck stiffness, and lateral neck swelling. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Tonsillitis
B) Retropharyngeal abscess
C) Epiglottitis
D) Mumps
📖 شرح: Retropharyngeal abscess causes neck stiffness and swelling.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 6-month-old infant presents with a harsh cough, wheezing, and respiratory distress. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Bronchiolitis
B) Asthma
C) Pneumonia
D) Croup
📖 شرح: Bronchiolitis occurs in infants under 2 years old.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 5-year-old child presents with a limp and knee pain after minor trauma. X-ray shows slipped femoral head. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) SCFE
B) Perthes disease
C) Transient synovitis
D) Septic arthritis
📖 شرح: SCFE occurs in older children and adolescents.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 2-year-old child presents with a barking cough and inspiratory stridor. What is the first-line treatment?
A) Nebulized epinephrine
B) Intubation
C) Antibiotics
D) IV steroids only
📖 شرح: Nebulized epinephrine reduces airway edema.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A