A newborn has a continuous “machinery-like” murmur. Which congenital heart lesion is most likely?
A) ASD
B) VSD
C) PDA
D) TOF
📖 شرح: ASD and VSD cause systolic murmurs, not continuous ones.
الإجابة الصحيحة: C
A child has recurrent infections, partial albinism, and giant granules in neutrophils. What is the diagnosis?
A) Chediak–Higashi syndrome
B) DiGeorge syndrome
C) Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
D) SCID
📖 شرح: DiGeorge causes thymic aplasia, not giant granules.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 6?month?old infant has a harsh holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) ASD
B) VSD
C) PDA
D) Pulmonary stenosis
📖 شرح: ASD causes a fixed split S2, not a holosystolic murmur.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 4?year?old child presents with a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. Symptoms worsen at night. What is the diagnosis?
A) Epiglottitis
B) Croup
C) Asthma
D) Foreign body aspiration
📖 شرح: Epiglottitis causes drooling and tripod position, not barking cough.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 10?year?old boy has fever, migratory polyarthritis, and a pansystolic murmur at the apex radiating to the axilla. What is the most likely lesion?
A) Aortic stenosis
B) Mitral regurgitation
C) Tricuspid regurgitation
D) Pulmonary stenosis
📖 شرح: Aortic stenosis causes an ejection systolic murmur.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 2?year?old child has chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, irritability, and failure to thrive after introduction of wheat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Celiac disease
C) Lactose intolerance
D) Cow’s milk allergy
📖 شرح: Lactose intolerance does not cause villous atrophy or severe malabsorption.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 5-year-old child presents with a harsh barking cough, low-grade fever, and inspiratory stridor that worsens at night. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Croup
B) Epiglottitis
C) Asthma
D) Foreign body aspiration
📖 شرح: Croup causes barking cough and inspiratory stridor, especially at night.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A newborn presents with delayed passage of meconium, abdominal distension, and explosive stool on rectal exam. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Pyloric stenosis
B) Hirschsprung disease
C) Meconium plug
D) Necrotizing enterocolitis
📖 شرح: Hirschsprung disease causes failure of relaxation of the distal colon.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 7-year-old child presents with periorbital edema, cola-colored urine, and hypertension following a sore throat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Nephrotic syndrome
B) Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
C) IgA nephropathy
D) UTI
📖 شرح: Post-streptococcal GN occurs after streptococcal infection and causes hematuria and edema.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 4-year-old child presents with a systolic ejection murmur at the upper left sternal border and fixed split S2. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) ASD
B) VSD
C) PDA
D) TOF
📖 شرح: ASD causes fixed split S2 due to delayed closure of the pulmonic valve.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 2-year-old child presents with wheezing, cough, and respiratory distress after playing with small toys. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Asthma
B) Foreign body aspiration
C) Bronchiolitis
D) Pneumonia
📖 شرح: Foreign body aspiration often presents suddenly after choking.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 6-month-old infant presents with projectile non-bilious vomiting and visible peristalsis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Duodenal atresia
B) Pyloric stenosis
C) GERD
D) Intussusception
📖 شرح: Pyloric stenosis causes projectile non-bilious vomiting.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A child presents with fever, conjunctivitis, coryza, and a descending maculopapular rash. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Rubella
B) Measles
C) Scarlet fever
D) Fifth disease
📖 شرح: Measles presents with cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and rash.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 3-year-old child presents with a limp and refuses to bear weight. ESR and CRP are elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Transient synovitis
B) Septic arthritis
C) Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
D) Osgood-Schlatter disease
📖 شرح: Septic arthritis presents with fever, elevated inflammatory markers, and inability to bear weight.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 10-year-old child presents with polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and random glucose of 320 mg/dL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B) Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Hypothyroidism
📖 شرح: Type 1 diabetes presents with hyperglycemia and weight loss.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 1-year-old child presents with bowed legs, delayed walking, and widened wrists. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Rickets
B) SCFE
C) Juvenile arthritis
D) Osteogenesis imperfecta
📖 شرح: Rickets causes bone deformities due to vitamin D deficiency.
الإجابة الصحيحة: A
A 3-year-old child presents with a sudden onset of colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, and currant jelly stool. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Appendicitis
B) Intussusception
C) Meckel diverticulum
D) Gastroenteritis
📖 شرح: Intussusception presents with colicky pain and bloody mucus stool.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 6-year-old child presents with a new-onset systolic murmur after a viral infection. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Rheumatic fever
B) Myocarditis
C) Endocarditis
D) Pericarditis
📖 شرح: Myocarditis often follows viral infections.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 2-year-old child presents with fever, drooling, inability to swallow, and prefers to sit leaning forward. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Croup
B) Epiglottitis
C) Tonsillitis
D) Retropharyngeal abscess
📖 شرح: Epiglottitis causes drooling and tripod position.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B
A 4-year-old child presents with petechiae, normal PT/PTT, and low platelet count. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Hemophilia A
B) ITP
C) Von Willebrand disease
D) DIC
📖 شرح: ITP presents with isolated thrombocytopenia.
الإجابة الصحيحة: B